SAXS

Example SAXS pattern (for AgBH). The rings of scattering at well-defined angles arise from scattering off of the lamellar order in the sample.

Small-angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) is a method to analyze the nanoscale structure of a sample by measuring the intensity of x-rays scattered as a function of angle.

The classic, stereotypical, application of SAXS is to study the size and shape of particles dispersed in solution (including biological macromolecules). In these cases, one typically reduces the 2D area detector image into a 1D curve (I vs. q), where the slope of the curve (and/or oscillations within it) encode information about the structure. SAXS can also be used to measure ordered nanoscale systems (e.g. nanoscale superlattices), where one observes sharp peaks in the scattering data. A variety of new techniques have been developed specifically for measurement of ordered nanostructures (GISAXS, CD-SAXS, GTSAXS, etc.).

Characteristics

Advantages

• Accurate
• Quantitative (with effort)
• Non-destructive (to a point)
• Rapid (depending on x-ray source; synchrotron vs. labscale)
• Small sample size possible (x-ray focusing)
• In-situ experiments possible
  • Can vary sample conditions, and probe structural response

Disadvantages

• Low information content: data fitting is an ill-posed problem, meaning that it is possible to be misled in data analysis.
• Complex data analysis.
• Complex/expensive instrumentation.

Applications

• Biological samples: proteins or other biomacromolecules in solution, macromolecule conformation, protein aggregation, virus assembly/clustering, etc.
• Soft matter: polymers, colloids
• Liquid crystals
• Lattices of nano-objects
  • Block-copolymers
  • Nanoscale superlattices
• Nanocomposites, metals, minerals, etc.

See Also

• SAXS variants
  • Grazing-incidence SAXS (GISAXS), useful for measuring thin-films.
    • Grazing-incidence Transmission SAXS (GTSAXS))
  • Rotational SAXS (CD-SAXS), for reconstructing reciprocal-space
• Small-angle neutron scattering (SANS)