Difference between revisions of "AI and Humans"

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* 2023-11: [https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-023-03507-3 ChatGPT has entered the classroom: how LLMs could transform education]
 
* 2023-11: [https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-023-03507-3 ChatGPT has entered the classroom: how LLMs could transform education]
 
* 2025-04: [https://www.anthropic.com/news/anthropic-education-report-how-university-students-use-claude Anthropic Education Report: How University Students Use Claude]
 
* 2025-04: [https://www.anthropic.com/news/anthropic-education-report-how-university-students-use-claude Anthropic Education Report: How University Students Use Claude]
 +
* 2025-05: [https://www.nature.com/articles/s41599-025-04787-y The effect of ChatGPT on students’ learning performance, learning perception, and higher-order thinking: insights from a meta-analysis]
  
 
==AI improves learning/education==
 
==AI improves learning/education==
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* [https://arxiv.org/abs/2402.09809 Effective and Scalable Math Support: Evidence on the Impact of an AI- Tutor on Math Achievement in Ghana]
 
* [https://arxiv.org/abs/2402.09809 Effective and Scalable Math Support: Evidence on the Impact of an AI- Tutor on Math Achievement in Ghana]
 
* [https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4243877/v1 AI Tutoring Outperforms Active Learning]
 
* [https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4243877/v1 AI Tutoring Outperforms Active Learning]
* [https://blogs.worldbank.org/en/education/From-chalkboards-to-chatbots-Transforming-learning-in-Nigeria From chalkboards to chatbots: Transforming learning in Nigeria, one prompt at a time]
+
* [https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/099548105192529324 From chalkboards to chatbots: Transforming learning in Nigeria, one prompt at a time] ([https://blogs.worldbank.org/en/education/From-chalkboards-to-chatbots-Transforming-learning-in-Nigeria writeup])
 
** 6 weeks of after-school AI tutoring = 2 years of typical learning gains
 
** 6 weeks of after-school AI tutoring = 2 years of typical learning gains
 
** outperforms 80% of other educational interventions
 
** outperforms 80% of other educational interventions
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* [https://www.deeplearning.ai/the-batch/gpt-4-boosts-remote-tutors-performance-in-real-time-study-finds/ LLM Support for Tutors GPT-4 boosts remote tutors’ performance in real time, study finds]
 
* [https://www.deeplearning.ai/the-batch/gpt-4-boosts-remote-tutors-performance-in-real-time-study-finds/ LLM Support for Tutors GPT-4 boosts remote tutors’ performance in real time, study finds]
 
** [https://arxiv.org/abs/2410.03017 Tutor CoPilot: A Human-AI Approach for Scaling Real-Time Expertise]
 
** [https://arxiv.org/abs/2410.03017 Tutor CoPilot: A Human-AI Approach for Scaling Real-Time Expertise]
 +
* 2025-06: Gallup & The Walton Foundation: [https://www.gallup.com/file/analytics/691922/Walton-Family-Foundation-Gallup-Teachers-AI-Report.pdf Teaching for Tomorrow Unlocking Six Weeks a Year With AI]
  
 
==AI harms learning==
 
==AI harms learning==
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==Detection==
 
==Detection==
* [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666920X24000109 Do teachers spot AI? Evaluating the detectability of AI-generated texts among student essays]
+
* 2024-06: [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666920X24000109 Do teachers spot AI? Evaluating the detectability of AI-generated texts among student essays]
 
** GenAI can simulate student writing in a way that teachers cannot detect.
 
** GenAI can simulate student writing in a way that teachers cannot detect.
 
** AI essays are assessed more positively than student-written.
 
** AI essays are assessed more positively than student-written.
 
** Teachers are overconfident in their source identification.
 
** Teachers are overconfident in their source identification.
 
** Both novice and experienced teachers could not identify texts generated by ChatGPT vs. students
 
** Both novice and experienced teachers could not identify texts generated by ChatGPT vs. students
 +
* 2025-01: [https://arxiv.org/abs/2501.15654 People who frequently use ChatGPT for writing tasks are accurate and robust detectors of AI-generated text]
 
===AI Text Detectors Don't Work===
 
===AI Text Detectors Don't Work===
 
* 2024-05: [https://arxiv.org/abs/2405.07940 RAID: A Shared Benchmark for Robust Evaluation of Machine-Generated Text Detectors]
 
* 2024-05: [https://arxiv.org/abs/2405.07940 RAID: A Shared Benchmark for Robust Evaluation of Machine-Generated Text Detectors]
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===Creativity===
 
===Creativity===
 +
* See also: [[AI creativity]]
 
* 2023-07: [https://mackinstitute.wharton.upenn.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/LLM-Ideas-Working-Paper.pdf Ideas Are Dimes A Dozen: Large Language Models For Idea Generation In Innovation]
 
* 2023-07: [https://mackinstitute.wharton.upenn.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/LLM-Ideas-Working-Paper.pdf Ideas Are Dimes A Dozen: Large Language Models For Idea Generation In Innovation]
 
* 2023-09: [https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-40858-3 Best humans still outperform artificial intelligence in a creative divergent thinking task]
 
* 2023-09: [https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-40858-3 Best humans still outperform artificial intelligence in a creative divergent thinking task]
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** LLMs can be creative
 
** LLMs can be creative
 
* 2024-09: [https://docs.iza.org/dp17302.pdf Creative and Strategic Capabilities of Generative AI: Evidence from Large-Scale Experiments]
 
* 2024-09: [https://docs.iza.org/dp17302.pdf Creative and Strategic Capabilities of Generative AI: Evidence from Large-Scale Experiments]
 +
* 2025-06: [https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.00794 Predicting Empirical AI Research Outcomes with Language Models]
  
 
===Art===
 
===Art===
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* 2025-04: [https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-08866-7?linkId=13898052 Towards conversational diagnostic artificial intelligence]
 
* 2025-04: [https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-08866-7?linkId=13898052 Towards conversational diagnostic artificial intelligence]
 
* 2025-04: [https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-08869-4?linkId=13898054 Towards accurate differential diagnosis with large language models]
 
* 2025-04: [https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-08869-4?linkId=13898054 Towards accurate differential diagnosis with large language models]
 +
* 2025-06: [https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.13.25329541v1 Automation of Systematic Reviews with Large Language Models]
 +
* 2025-06: [https://microsoft.ai/new/the-path-to-medical-superintelligence/ The Path to Medical Superintelligence]
  
 
====Bio====
 
====Bio====
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* 2025-03: [https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.28.25323115v1.full Medical Hallucination in Foundation Models and Their Impact on Healthcare]
 
* 2025-03: [https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.28.25323115v1.full Medical Hallucination in Foundation Models and Their Impact on Healthcare]
 
* 2025-03: [https://journals.lww.com/international-journal-of-surgery/fulltext/2025/03000/chatgpt_s_role_in_alleviating_anxiety_in_total.20.aspx ChatGPT’s role in alleviating anxiety in total knee arthroplasty consent process: a randomized controlled trial pilot study]
 
* 2025-03: [https://journals.lww.com/international-journal-of-surgery/fulltext/2025/03000/chatgpt_s_role_in_alleviating_anxiety_in_total.20.aspx ChatGPT’s role in alleviating anxiety in total knee arthroplasty consent process: a randomized controlled trial pilot study]
 +
* 2025-05: [https://openai.com/index/healthbench/ Introducing HealthBench]
 +
* 2025-06: [https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.07.25329176v1 From Tool to Teammate: A Randomized Controlled Trial of Clinician-AI Collaborative Workflows for Diagnosis]
 +
* 2025-06: [https://bmcmededuc.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12909-025-07414-1 Iteratively refined ChatGPT outperforms clinical mentors in generating high-quality interprofessional education clinical scenarios: a comparative study]
  
 
===Translation===
 
===Translation===
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===Creativity===
 
===Creativity===
 +
* See also: [[AI creativity]]
 
* 2024-07: [https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adn5290 Generative AI enhances individual creativity but reduces the collective diversity of novel content]
 
* 2024-07: [https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adn5290 Generative AI enhances individual creativity but reduces the collective diversity of novel content]
 
* 2024-08: [https://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-024-01953-1 An empirical investigation of the impact of ChatGPT on creativity]
 
* 2024-08: [https://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-024-01953-1 An empirical investigation of the impact of ChatGPT on creativity]
 +
** 2024-08: Response: [https://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-024-01953-1 ChatGPT decreases idea diversity in brainstorming] ([https://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-025-02173-x.epdf?sharing_token=LA9NyDHj7y5WN8zvb5Qm49RgN0jAjWel9jnR3ZoTv0Nl8PrpXFkjZ93XvmUVBgB9Hlfro5Yo6YELr-pRqbpk3HaZENCvsfV8G1kwtTEj2oW1g87dSVT4BzrfCu3jS_606SLzmoDuDiALChY-MozVM4Pj1b4Vdf-YaIH5p3lfAnM%3D pdf])
 +
** 2025-05: Response: [https://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-025-02195-5 Reply to: ChatGPT decreases idea diversity in brainstorming]
 
* 2024-08: [https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2023.18430 The Crowdless Future? Generative AI and Creative Problem-Solving]
 
* 2024-08: [https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2023.18430 The Crowdless Future? Generative AI and Creative Problem-Solving]
 
* 2024-10: [https://arxiv.org/abs/2410.03703 Human Creativity in the Age of LLMs]
 
* 2024-10: [https://arxiv.org/abs/2410.03703 Human Creativity in the Age of LLMs]
* 2024-11: [https://conference.nber.org/conf_papers/f210475.pdf Artificial Intelligence, Scientific Discovery, and Product Innovation]: diffusion model increases "innovation" (patents), boosts the best performers, but also removes some enjoyable tasks.
+
* 2024-11: <strike>[https://conference.nber.org/conf_papers/f210475.pdf Artificial Intelligence, Scientific Discovery, and Product Innovation]</strike>: diffusion model increases "innovation" (patents), boosts the best performers, but also removes some enjoyable tasks.
 +
** 2025-05: Retraction: [https://economics.mit.edu/news/assuring-accurate-research-record Assuring an accurate research record]
 
* 2024-12: [https://doi.org/10.1080/10400419.2024.2440691 Using AI to Generate Visual Art: Do Individual Differences in Creativity Predict AI-Assisted Art Quality?] ([https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/ygzw6 preprint]): shows that more creative humans produce more creative genAI outputs
 
* 2024-12: [https://doi.org/10.1080/10400419.2024.2440691 Using AI to Generate Visual Art: Do Individual Differences in Creativity Predict AI-Assisted Art Quality?] ([https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/ygzw6 preprint]): shows that more creative humans produce more creative genAI outputs
 
* 2025-01: [https://arxiv.org/abs/2501.11433 One Does Not Simply Meme Alone: Evaluating Co-Creativity Between LLMs and Humans in the Generation of Humor]
 
* 2025-01: [https://arxiv.org/abs/2501.11433 One Does Not Simply Meme Alone: Evaluating Co-Creativity Between LLMs and Humans in the Generation of Humor]
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===Equity===
 
===Equity===
 
* 2025-01: [https://ai.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/AIp2400889 Using Large Language Models to Promote Health Equity]
 
* 2025-01: [https://ai.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/AIp2400889 Using Large Language Models to Promote Health Equity]
 
===Counter loneliness===
 
* 2024-07: [https://arxiv.org/abs/2407.19096 AI Companions Reduce Loneliness]
 
* 2025-03: [https://dam-prod2.media.mit.edu/x/2025/03/21/Randomized_Control_Study_on_Chatbot_Psychosocial_Effect.pdf How AI and Human Behaviors Shape Psychosocial Effects of Chatbot Use: A Longitudinal Controlled Study]
 
  
 
==AI worse than humans==
 
==AI worse than humans==
 
* 2025-04: [https://spinup-000d1a-wp-offload-media.s3.amazonaws.com/faculty/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2025/03/AI-debt-collection-20250331.pdf How Good is AI at Twisting Arms? Experiments in Debt Collection]
 
* 2025-04: [https://spinup-000d1a-wp-offload-media.s3.amazonaws.com/faculty/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2025/03/AI-debt-collection-20250331.pdf How Good is AI at Twisting Arms? Experiments in Debt Collection]
 +
* 2025-04: [https://arxiv.org/abs/2504.18919 Clinical knowledge in LLMs does not translate to human interactions]
 +
* 2025-05: [https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsos.241776 Generalization bias in large language model summarization of scientific research]
  
 
==Human Perceptions of AI==
 
==Human Perceptions of AI==
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* 2024-11: [https://www.astralcodexten.com/p/how-did-you-do-on-the-ai-art-turing How Did You Do On The AI Art Turing Test?] Differentiation was only slightly above random (60%). AI art was often ranked higher than human-made.
 
* 2024-11: [https://www.astralcodexten.com/p/how-did-you-do-on-the-ai-art-turing How Did You Do On The AI Art Turing Test?] Differentiation was only slightly above random (60%). AI art was often ranked higher than human-made.
 
* 2024-11: [https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-76900-1 AI-generated poetry is indistinguishable from human-written poetry and is rated more favorably]
 
* 2024-11: [https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-76900-1 AI-generated poetry is indistinguishable from human-written poetry and is rated more favorably]
 
==Psychological Effects of AI Usage==
 
* 2025-03: [https://cdn.openai.com/papers/15987609-5f71-433c-9972-e91131f399a1/openai-affective-use-study.pdf Investigating Affective Use and Emotional Well-being on ChatGPT]
 
* 2025-03: [https://dam-prod2.media.mit.edu/x/2025/03/21/Randomized_Control_Study_on_Chatbot_Psychosocial_Effect.pdf How AI and Human Behaviors Shape Psychosocial Effects of Chatbot Use: A Longitudinal Controlled Study]
 
* 2025-03: [https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/publication/the-impact-of-generative-ai-on-critical-thinking-self-reported-reductions-in-cognitive-effort-and-confidence-effects-from-a-survey-of-knowledge-workers/ The Impact of Generative AI on Critical Thinking: Self-Reported Reductions in Cognitive Effort and Confidence Effects From a Survey of Knowledge Workers]
 
  
 
=Uptake=
 
=Uptake=
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* 2025-02: [https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=5078805 Local Heterogeneity in Artificial Intelligence Jobs Over Time and Space]
 
* 2025-02: [https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=5078805 Local Heterogeneity in Artificial Intelligence Jobs Over Time and Space]
 
* 2025-04: [https://andreyfradkin.com/assets/demandforllm.pdf Demand for LLMs: Descriptive Evidence on Substitution, Market Expansion, and Multihoming]
 
* 2025-04: [https://andreyfradkin.com/assets/demandforllm.pdf Demand for LLMs: Descriptive Evidence on Substitution, Market Expansion, and Multihoming]
 +
* 2025-05: [https://civicscience.com/chatgpt-is-still-leading-the-ai-wars-but-google-gemini-is-gaining-ground/ ChatGPT Is Still Leading the AI Wars but Google Gemini Is Gaining Ground]
 +
* 2025-05: [https://www.nber.org/papers/w33777 Large Language Models, Small Labor Market Effects]
 +
** Significant uptake, but very little economic impact so far
 +
* 2025-05: [https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=5136877 The Labor Market Effects of Generative Artificial Intelligence]
 +
** US worker usage of AI increasingly rapidly: 30% in 2024-12; 40% in 2025-05
 +
* 2025-05: [https://www.bondcap.com/report/pdf/Trends_Artificial_Intelligence.pdf Trends – Artificial Intelligence]
 +
* 2025-06: [https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.08945 Who is using AI to code? Global diffusion and impact of generative AI]
 +
* 2025-06: [https://www.iconiqcapital.com/growth/reports/2025-state-of-ai 2025 State of AI Report: The Builder’s Playbook] A Practical Roadmap for AI Innovation
  
 
==Usage For==
 
==Usage For==
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* 2025-04: [https://www.anthropic.com/news/anthropic-education-report-how-university-students-use-claude Anthropic Education Report: How University Students Use Claude]
 
* 2025-04: [https://www.anthropic.com/news/anthropic-education-report-how-university-students-use-claude Anthropic Education Report: How University Students Use Claude]
  
=Sentiment=
+
==Hiding Usage==
 +
* 2025-05: [https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=5232910 Underreporting of AI use: The role of social desirability bias]
 +
 
 +
=Psychological Impact=
 +
==Human Sentiment towards AI==
 
* 2025-04: Pew Research: [https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2025/04/03/how-the-us-public-and-ai-experts-view-artificial-intelligence/ How the U.S. Public and AI Experts View Artificial Intelligence]
 
* 2025-04: Pew Research: [https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2025/04/03/how-the-us-public-and-ai-experts-view-artificial-intelligence/ How the U.S. Public and AI Experts View Artificial Intelligence]
  
=Persuasion=
+
==AI Persuasion of Humans==
 
(AI can update beliefs, change opinions, tackle conspiracy theories, etc.)
 
(AI can update beliefs, change opinions, tackle conspiracy theories, etc.)
 
* 2022-11: [https://arxiv.org/abs/2211.15006 Fine-tuning language models to find agreement among humans with diverse preferences]
 
* 2022-11: [https://arxiv.org/abs/2211.15006 Fine-tuning language models to find agreement among humans with diverse preferences]
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* 2025-04: [https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Eo4SHrKGPErTzL1t_QmQhfZGU27jKBjx/edit Can AI Change Your View? Evidence from a Large-Scale Online Field Experiment]
 
* 2025-04: [https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Eo4SHrKGPErTzL1t_QmQhfZGU27jKBjx/edit Can AI Change Your View? Evidence from a Large-Scale Online Field Experiment]
 
** [https://www.404media.co/researchers-secretly-ran-a-massive-unauthorized-ai-persuasion-experiment-on-reddit-users/ Researchers Secretly Ran a Massive, Unauthorized AI Persuasion Experiment on Reddit Users]
 
** [https://www.404media.co/researchers-secretly-ran-a-massive-unauthorized-ai-persuasion-experiment-on-reddit-users/ Researchers Secretly Ran a Massive, Unauthorized AI Persuasion Experiment on Reddit Users]
 +
* 2025-05: [https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.09662 Large Language Models Are More Persuasive Than Incentivized Human Persuaders]
 +
 +
==AI Effects on Human Psychology==
 +
===Human well-being===
 +
* 2024-01: [https://www.nature.com/articles/s44184-023-00047-6 Loneliness and suicide mitigation for students using GPT3-enabled chatbots]
 +
* 2025-03: [https://cdn.openai.com/papers/15987609-5f71-433c-9972-e91131f399a1/openai-affective-use-study.pdf Investigating Affective Use and Emotional Well-being on ChatGPT]
 +
* 2025-03: [https://dam-prod2.media.mit.edu/x/2025/03/21/Randomized_Control_Study_on_Chatbot_Psychosocial_Effect.pdf How AI and Human Behaviors Shape Psychosocial Effects of Chatbot Use: A Longitudinal Controlled Study]
 +
 +
===Counter loneliness===
 +
* 2024-07: [https://arxiv.org/abs/2407.19096 AI Companions Reduce Loneliness]
 +
* 2025-03: [https://dam-prod2.media.mit.edu/x/2025/03/21/Randomized_Control_Study_on_Chatbot_Psychosocial_Effect.pdf How AI and Human Behaviors Shape Psychosocial Effects of Chatbot Use: A Longitudinal Controlled Study]
 +
* 2025-06: Anthropic: [https://www.anthropic.com/news/how-people-use-claude-for-support-advice-and-companionship How People Use Claude for Support, Advice, and Companionship]
 +
 +
===Human mental abilities (creativity, learning)===
 +
* 2025-03: [https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/publication/the-impact-of-generative-ai-on-critical-thinking-self-reported-reductions-in-cognitive-effort-and-confidence-effects-from-a-survey-of-knowledge-workers/ The Impact of Generative AI on Critical Thinking: Self-Reported Reductions in Cognitive Effort and Confidence Effects From a Survey of Knowledge Workers]
 +
* 2025-06: [https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.08872 Your Brain on ChatGPT: Accumulation of Cognitive Debt when Using an AI Assistant for Essay Writing Task]
  
 
=Simulate Humans=
 
=Simulate Humans=
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* 2025-04: [https://www.nber.org/papers/w33662 Measuring Human Leadership Skills with AI Agents]
 
* 2025-04: [https://www.nber.org/papers/w33662 Measuring Human Leadership Skills with AI Agents]
 
* 2025-04: [https://arxiv.org/abs/2504.10157 SocioVerse: A World Model for Social Simulation Powered by LLM Agents and A Pool of 10 Million Real-World Users]
 
* 2025-04: [https://arxiv.org/abs/2504.10157 SocioVerse: A World Model for Social Simulation Powered by LLM Agents and A Pool of 10 Million Real-World Users]
 +
* 2025-07: [https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09215-4 A foundation model to predict and capture human cognition]
  
 
=See Also=
 
=See Also=
 
* [https://www.google.com/books/edition/_/cKnYEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA2 UNESCO. Guidance for Generative AI in Education and Research]
 
* [https://www.google.com/books/edition/_/cKnYEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA2 UNESCO. Guidance for Generative AI in Education and Research]
 
* [[AI]]
 
* [[AI]]
 +
** [[AI predictions]]

Latest revision as of 11:57, 3 July 2025

AI in Education

Survey/study of

AI improves learning/education

AI harms learning

Software/systems

LLMs

Individual tools

Systems

AI for grading

Detection

AI Text Detectors Don't Work

AI/human

Capabilities

Writing

AI out-performs humans

Tests

Creativity

Art

Business & Marketing

Professions

  • Humanity's Last Exam
    • Effort to build a dataset of challenging (but resolvable) questions in specific domain areas, to act as a benchmark to test whether AIs are improving in these challenging topics.

Coding

Medical

Bio

Therapy

Financial

AI improves human work

Coding

Forecasting

Finance

Law

Medical

Translation

Customer service

  • 2023-11: Generative AI at Work: Improvements for workers and clients (though also a ceiling to improvement)

Creativity

Equity

AI worse than humans

Human Perceptions of AI

AI passes Turing Test

Text Dialog

Art

Uptake

Usage For

Hiding Usage

Psychological Impact

Human Sentiment towards AI

AI Persuasion of Humans

(AI can update beliefs, change opinions, tackle conspiracy theories, etc.)

AI Effects on Human Psychology

Human well-being

Counter loneliness

Human mental abilities (creativity, learning)

Simulate Humans

See Also