Form Factor:Cube

Equations

For cubes of edge-length 2R (volume Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle V_{cube}=(2R)^3} ):

Form Factor Amplitude

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle F_{cube}(\mathbf{q}) = \left\{ \begin{array}{c l} \Delta\rho V_{cube} \mathrm{sinc}(q_x R) \mathrm{sinc}(q_y R) \mathrm{sinc}(q_z R) & \mathrm{when} \,\, \mathbf{q}\neq(0,0,0)\\ \Delta\rho V_{cube} & \mathrm{when} \,\, \mathbf{q}=(0,0,0) \\ \end{array} \right. }

Isotropic Form Factor Intensity

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle P_{cube}(q) = \left\{ \begin{array}{c l} \frac{16 \Delta\rho^2 V_{cube}^2}{ (qR)^6 } \int_{0}^{\pi} \frac{1}{\sin\theta}\left( \frac{ \sin(q_zR) }{ \sin(2\theta) } \right)^2 \int_{0}^{2\pi} \left( \frac{\sin(q_xR)\sin(q_yR)} { \sin(2\phi) } \right)^2 \mathrm{d}\phi \mathrm{d}\theta & \mathrm{when} \,\, q\neq0\\ 4\pi \Delta\rho^2 V_{cube}^2 & \mathrm{when} \,\, q=0 \\ \end{array} \right. }

Sources

Byeongdu Lee (APS)

From Supplementary Information of: Matthew R. Jones, Robert J. Macfarlane, Byeongdu Lee, Jian Zhang, Kaylie L. Young, Andrew J. Senesi, and Chad A. Mirkin "DNA-nanoparticle superlattices formed from anisotropic building blocks" Nature Materials 9, 913-917, 2010. doi: 10.1038/nmat2870

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle F_{cube}(\mathbf{q}) = V_{cube} \mathrm{sinc}(q_xR) \mathrm{sinc}(q_yR) \mathrm{sinc}(q_zR) }

Where 2R is the edge length of the cube, such that the volume is:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle V_{cube} = \left(2R \right)^3 }

and sinc is the unnormalized sinc function:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \mathrm{sinc}(x) = \left\{ \begin{array}{c l} 1 & \mathrm{when} \,\, x=0 \\ \frac{\sin x}{x} & \mathrm{when} \,\, x\neq0 \end{array} \right. }

Pedersen

From Pedersen review, Analysis of small-angle scattering data from colloids and polymer solutions: modeling and least-squares fitting Jan Skov Pedersen, Advances in Colloid and Interface Science 1997, 70, 171. doi: 10.1016/S0001-8686(97)00312-6 For a rectangular parallelepipedon with edges a, b, and c:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle P(q, a,b,c) = \frac{2}{\pi}\int_{0}^{\pi/2}\int_{0}^{\pi/2} \frac { \sin(q a \sin\alpha\cos\beta) }{ q a \sin\alpha\cos\beta } \frac { \sin(q b \sin\alpha\cos\beta) }{ q b \sin\alpha\sin\beta } \frac { \sin(q c \cos\alpha) }{ q c \cos\alpha } \sin\alpha \mathrm{d}\alpha \mathrm{d}\beta }

For a cube of edge length a this would be:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle P_{cube}(q,a) = \frac{2}{\pi q^3 a^3}\int_{0}^{\pi/2}\int_{0}^{\pi/2} \frac { \sin(q a \sin\alpha\cos\beta) }{ \sin\alpha\cos\beta } \frac { \sin(q a \sin\alpha\cos\beta) }{ \sin\alpha\sin\beta } \frac { \sin(q a \cos\alpha) }{ \cos\alpha } \sin\alpha \mathrm{d}\alpha \mathrm{d}\beta }

Derivations

Form Factor

For a cube of edge-length 2R, the volume is:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle V_{cube} = \left(2R \right)^3 }

We integrate over the interior of the cube, using Cartesian coordinates:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \mathbf{q} = (q_x, q_y, q_z)}

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \mathbf{r} = (x, y, z)}

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \mathbf{q}\cdot\mathbf{r} = q_x x + q_y y + q_z z}

Such that:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \begin{alignat}{2} F_{cube}(\mathbf{q}) & = \int\limits_V e^{i \mathbf{q} \cdot \mathbf{r} } \mathrm{d}\mathbf{r} \\ & = \int_{z=-R}^{R}\int_{y=-R}^{R}\int_{x=-R}^{R} e^{i (q_x x + q_y y + q_z z) } \mathrm{d}x \mathrm{d}y \mathrm{d}z \\ & = \int_{-R}^{R} e^{i q_x x} \mathrm{d}x \int_{-R}^{R} e^{i q_y y} \mathrm{d}y \int_{-R}^{R} e^{i q_z z} \mathrm{d}z \end{alignat} }

Each integral is of the same form:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \begin{alignat}{2} f_{cube,x}(q_x) & = \int_{-R}^{R} e^{i q_x x} \mathrm{d}x \\ & = \int_{-R}^{R} \left[\cos(q_x x) + i \sin(q_x x)\right] \mathrm{d}x \\ & = \left[\frac{-1}{q_x}\sin(q_x x) + \frac{i}{q_x} \cos(q_x x)\right]_{x=-R}^{R} \\ & = \left[ \frac{-1}{q_x}\sin(q_x R) + \frac{i}{q_x} \cos(q_x R) - \frac{-1}{q_x}\sin(-q_x R) - \frac{i}{q_x} \cos(-q_x R) \right] \\ & = \left[ -\frac{1}{q_x}\sin(q_x R) - \frac{1}{q_x}\sin(q_x R) \right] \\ & = -\frac{2}{q_x}\sin(q_x R) \\ \end{alignat} }

Which gives:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \begin{alignat}{2} F_{cube}(\mathbf{q}) & = \frac{2}{q_x}\sin(q_x R) \frac{2}{q_y}\sin(q_y R) \frac{2}{q_z}\sin(q_z R) \\ & = 2^3R^3 \frac{\sin(q_x R)}{q_x R} \frac{\sin(q_y R)}{q_y R} \frac{\sin(q_z R)}{q_z R} \\ & = V_{cube} \mathrm{sinc}(q_x R) \mathrm{sinc}(q_y R) \mathrm{sinc}(q_z R) \end{alignat} }

Form Factor at q=0

At small q:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle F_{cube}\left(0\right) = V_{cube} }

Isotropic Form Factor

To average over all possible orientations, we note:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \mathbf{q}=(q_x,q_y,q_z)=(-q\sin\theta\cos\phi,q\sin\theta\sin\phi,q\cos\theta)}

and use:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \begin{alignat}{2} \left\langle F_{cube}(\mathbf{q}) \right\rangle_{\mathrm{iso}} & = \int\limits_{S} F_{cube}(\mathbf{q}) \mathrm{d}\mathbf{s} \\ & = \int_{\phi=0}^{2\pi}\int_{\theta=0}^{\pi} F_{cube}(-q\sin\theta\cos\phi,q\sin\theta\sin\phi,q\cos\theta) \sin\theta\mathrm{d}\theta\mathrm{d}\phi \\ & = V_{cube} \int_{0}^{2\pi}\int_{0}^{\pi} \mathrm{sinc}(q_x R) \mathrm{sinc}(q_y R) \mathrm{sinc}(q_z R) \sin\theta\mathrm{d}\theta\mathrm{d}\phi \\ & = V_{cube} \int_{0}^{\pi} \sin\theta \left( \frac{\sin(q_z R)}{q_z R} \right) \int_{0}^{2\pi} \left( \frac{\sin(q_x R)}{q_x R} \right) \left( \frac{\sin(q_y R)}{q_y R} \right) \mathrm{d}\phi \mathrm{d}\theta \\ & = \frac{V_{cube}}{ (qR)^3 } \int_{0}^{\pi} \frac{\sin\theta \sin(q_z R)}{\cos \theta} \int_{0}^{2\pi} \frac{\sin(q_x R) \sin(q_y R) }{- \sin \theta \cos \phi \sin \theta \sin \phi} \mathrm{d}\phi \mathrm{d}\theta \\ & = - \frac{V_{cube}}{ (qR)^3 } \int_{0}^{\pi} \frac{\sin(q_z R)}{\sin\theta \cos\theta} \int_{0}^{2\pi} \frac{\sin(q_x R) \sin(q_y R) }{\sin\phi \cos\phi } \mathrm{d}\phi \mathrm{d}\theta \\ & = - \frac{4 V_{cube}}{ (qR)^3 } \int_{0}^{\pi} \frac{\sin(q_z R)}{\sin(2\theta)} \int_{0}^{2\pi} \frac{\sin(q_x R) \sin(q_y R) }{\sin(2\phi)} \mathrm{d}\phi \mathrm{d}\theta \\ \end{alignat} }

From symmetry, it is sufficient to integrate over only one of the eight octants:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \begin{alignat}{2} \left\langle F_{cube}(\mathbf{q}) \right\rangle_{\mathrm{iso}} & = - \frac{32 V_{cube}}{ (qR)^3 } \int_{0}^{\pi/2} \frac{\sin(q_z R)}{\sin(2\theta)} \int_{0}^{\pi/2} \frac{\sin(q_x R) \sin(q_y R) }{\sin(2\phi)} \mathrm{d}\phi \mathrm{d}\theta \\ \end{alignat} }

Isotropic Form Factor Intensity

To average over all possible orientations, we note:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \mathbf{q}=(q_x,q_y,q_z)=(-q\sin\theta\cos\phi,q\sin\theta\sin\phi,q\cos\theta)}

and use:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \begin{alignat}{2} P_{cube}(q) & = \int\limits_{S} | F_{cube}(\mathbf{q}) |^2 \mathrm{d}\mathbf{s} \\ & = \int_{\phi=0}^{2\pi}\int_{\theta=0}^{\pi} | F_{cube}(-q\sin\theta\cos\phi,q\sin\theta\sin\phi,q\cos\theta)|^2 \sin\theta\mathrm{d}\theta\mathrm{d}\phi \\ & = V_{cube}^2 \int_{0}^{2\pi}\int_{0}^{\pi} | \mathrm{sinc}(q_x R) \mathrm{sinc}(q_y R) \mathrm{sinc}(q_z R) |^2 \sin\theta\mathrm{d}\theta\mathrm{d}\phi \\ & = V_{cube}^2 \int_{0}^{\pi} \sin\theta \left( \frac{\sin(q\cos(\theta)R)}{q \cos(\theta)R} \right)^2 \int_{0}^{2\pi} \left( \frac{\sin(-q\sin(\theta)\cos(\phi)R)}{-q \sin(\theta)\cos(\phi)R} \right)^2 \left( \frac{\sin(q\sin(\theta)\sin(\phi)R)}{q \sin(\theta)\sin(\phi)R} \right)^2 \mathrm{d}\phi \mathrm{d}\theta \\ & = \frac{V_{cube}^2}{ (qR)^6 } \int_{0}^{\pi} \frac{\sin\theta \sin^2(q\cos(\theta)R)}{\cos^2(\theta)\sin^2(\theta)\sin^2(\theta)} \int_{0}^{2\pi} \frac{\sin^2(-q\sin(\theta)\cos(\phi)R)\sin^2(q\sin(\theta)\sin(\phi)R)} {\cos^2(\phi)\sin^2(\phi)} \mathrm{d}\phi \mathrm{d}\theta \\ & = \frac{V_{cube}^2}{ (qR)^6 } \int_{0}^{\pi} \frac{ \sin^2(q\cos(\theta)R) }{ \sin^3(\theta)\cos^2(\theta) } \int_{0}^{2\pi} \frac{\sin^2(-q\sin(\theta)\cos(\phi)R)\sin^2(q\sin(\theta)\sin(\phi)R)} { ( \frac{1}{2} \sin(2\phi) )^2 } \mathrm{d}\phi \mathrm{d}\theta \\ \end{alignat} }

Solving integrals that involve nested trigonometric functions is not generally possible. However we can simplify in preparation for performing the integrals numerically:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \begin{alignat}{2} P_{cube}(q) & = \frac{V_{cube}^2}{ (qR)^6 } \int_{0}^{\pi} \frac{ \sin^2(q_zR) }{ \sin^3(\theta)\cos^2(\theta) } \int_{0}^{2\pi} \frac{\sin^2(q_xR)\sin^2(q_yR)} { ( \frac{1}{2} \sin(2\phi) )^2 } \mathrm{d}\phi \mathrm{d}\theta \\ & = \frac{2^2 V_{cube}^2}{ (qR)^6 } \int_{0}^{\pi} \frac{ \sin^2(q_zR) }{ \sin(\theta)(\frac{1}{2}\sin(2\theta) )^2 } \int_{0}^{2\pi} \frac{\sin^2(q_xR)\sin^2(q_yR)} { ( \sin(2\phi) )^2 } \mathrm{d}\phi \mathrm{d}\theta \\ & = \frac{16 V_{cube}^2}{ (qR)^6 } \int_{0}^{\pi} \frac{1}{\sin\theta}\left( \frac{ \sin(q_zR) }{ \sin(2\theta) } \right)^2 \int_{0}^{2\pi} \left( \frac{\sin(q_xR)\sin(q_yR)} { \sin(2\phi) } \right)^2 \mathrm{d}\phi \mathrm{d}\theta \\ \end{alignat} }

From symmetry, it is sufficient to integrate over only one of the eight octants:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \begin{alignat}{2} P_{cube}(q) & = \frac{128 V_{cube}^2}{ (qR)^6 } \int_{0}^{\pi/2} \frac{1}{\sin\theta}\left( \frac{ \sin(q_zR) }{ \sin(2\theta) } \right)^2 \int_{0}^{\pi/2} \left( \frac{\sin(q_xR)\sin(q_yR)} { \sin(2\phi) } \right)^2 \mathrm{d}\phi \mathrm{d}\theta \\ \end{alignat} }

Isotropic Form Factor Intensity contribution when Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \phi} =0

The integrand of the Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \phi} -integral becomes:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \begin{alignat}{2} \left( \frac{\sin(q_xR)\sin(q_yR)} { \sin(2\phi) } \right)^2 & = \left( \frac{\sin(-q \sin(\theta)\cos(\phi)R)\sin(q \sin(\theta) \sin(\phi) R)} { \sin(2\phi) } \right)^2 \\ & = \left( \frac{\sin(-q \sin(\theta)\cos(\phi)R)\sin(q \sin(\theta) \sin(\phi) R)} { 2 \sin(\phi) \cos(\phi) } \right)^2 \\ \end{alignat} }

For small Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \phi} , the various Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \sin(\phi)} can be replaced by Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \phi} , and the various Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \cos(\phi)} can be replaced by Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle 1} :

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \begin{alignat}{2} \lim_{\phi\to0} \left( \frac{\sin(q_xR)\sin(q_yR)} { \sin(2\phi) } \right)^2 & = \left( \frac{\sin(-q \sin(\theta)R)\sin(q \sin(\theta) \phi R)} { 2 \phi } \right)^2 \\ & = \left( \frac{\sin(-q \sin(\theta)R) q \sin(\theta) \phi R} { 2 \phi } \right)^2 \\ & = \left( \frac{\sin(-q \sin(\theta)R) q \sin(\theta) R} { 2 } \right)^2 \\ \end{alignat} }

Which is a constant (with respect to Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \phi} ). The part of the Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \phi} -integral near Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \phi=0} has the contribution:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \begin{alignat}{2} \int_{\phi=0}^{\phi=0+\delta} \left( \frac{\sin(q_xR)\sin(q_yR)} { \sin(2\phi) } \right)^2 \mathrm{d}\phi & = \left( \frac{\sin(-q \sin(\theta)R) q \sin(\theta) R} { 2 } \right)^2 \int_{\phi=0}^{\phi=0+\delta} \mathrm{d}\phi \\ & = \left( \frac{\sin(-q \sin(\theta)R) q \sin(\theta) R} { 2 } \right)^2 \delta \\ \end{alignat} }

Isotropic Form Factor Intensity at q=0

At very small q:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \begin{alignat}{2} P_{cube}(0) & = V_{cube}^2 \int_{\phi=0}^{2\pi}\int_{\theta=0}^{\pi}\sin\theta\mathrm{d}\theta\mathrm{d}\phi \\ & = 4\pi V_{cube}^2 \\ \end{alignat} }