Experimental examples

Block-copolymers

• Refer to block-copolymers.
• Peter Müller-Buschbaum GISAXS and GISANS as metrology technique for understanding the 3D morphology of block copolymer thin films European Polymer Journal 2016 doi: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2016.04.007
• Cameron K. Shelton, Thomas H. Epps III Block copolymer thin films: Characterizing nanostructure evolution with in situ X-ray and neutron scattering Polymer 2016 doi: 10.1016/j.polymer.2016.06.069
• Dorthe Posselt, Jianqi Zhang, Detlef-M. Smilgies, Anatoly Berezkin, Igor I. Potemkin, Christine M. Papadakis Restructuring in Block Copolymer Thin Films: In-Situ GISAXS Investigations During Solvent Vapor Annealing Progress in Polymer Science 2016 doi: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2016.09.009
• Majewski, P.W.; Yager, K.G. Rapid ordering of block copolymer thin films Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 2016, 28, 403002. doi: 10.1088/0953-8984/28/40/403002
• D. F. Sunday, F. Delachat, A. Gharbi, G. Freychet, C. D. Liman, R. Tiron and R. J. Kline X-ray characterization of contact holes for block copolymer lithography J. Appl. Cryst. 2019 doi: 10.1107/S1600576718017272

Nanoparticles

• Tao Li, Andrew J. Senesi, and Byeongdu Lee Small Angle X-ray Scattering for Nanoparticle Research Chemical Reviews 2016 doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00690

DNA-coated

• Sumit Kewalramani, Jos W. Zwanikken, Robert J. Macfarlane, Cheuk-Yui Leung, Monica Olvera de la Cruz, Chad A. Mirkin, and Michael J. Bedzyk Counterion Distribution Surrounding Spherical Nucleic Acid–Au Nanoparticle Conjugates Probed by Small-Angle X-ray Scattering ACS Nano 2013, 7 (12), 11301-11309. doi: 10.1021/nn405109z

Ligand-mediated superlattices

SAXS

TBD

GISAXS

• Tobias Hanrath, Joshua J. Choi and Detlef-M. Smilgies Structure/Processing Relationships of Highly Ordered Lead Salt Nanocrystal Superlattices ACS Nano 2009, 3 (10), 2975–2988. doi: 10.1021/nn901008r
• Kaifu Bian, Joshua J. Choi, Ananth Kaushik, Paulette Clancy, Detlef-M. Smilgies, and Tobias Hanrath Shape-Anisotropy Driven Symmetry Transformations in Nanocrystal Superlattice Polymorphs ACS Nano 2011, 5 (4), 2815-2823. doi: 10.1021/nn103303q
• Weidman, M.C.; Yager, K.G., Tisdale, W.A. Interparticle Spacing and Structural Ordering in Superlattice PbS Nanocrystal Solids Undergoing Ligand Exchange Chemistry of Materials 2015 doi: 10.1021/cm503626s

DNA-mediated superlattices

SAXS

• C.f. modeling lattices of nano-objects.
• Dmytro Nykypanchuk, Mathew M. Maye, Daniel van der Lelie and Oleg Gang DNA-guided crystallization of colloidal nanoparticles Nature 2008, 451, 549-552. doi: 10.1038/nature06560
• Sung Yong Park, Abigail K. R. Lytton-Jean, Byeongdu Lee, Steven Weigand, George C. Schatz and Chad A. Mirkin DNA-programmable nanoparticle crystallization Nature 2008, 451, 553-556. doi: 10.1038/nature06508
• Robert J. Macfarlane, Byeongdu Lee, Matthew R. Jones, Nadine Harris, George C. Schatz, Chad A. Mirkin Nanoparticle Superlattice Engineering with DNA Science 2011, 334 (6053), 204-208. doi: 10.1126/science.1210493
• Petr Cigler, Abigail K. R. Lytton-Jean, Daniel G. Anderson, M. G. and Sung Yong Park DNA-controlled assembly of a NaTl lattice structure from gold nanoparticles and protein nanoparticles Nature Materials 2010, 9, 918-922 doi:10.1038/nmat2877
• Matthew R. Jones, Robert J. Macfarlane, Byeongdu Lee, Jian Zhang, Kaylie L. Young, Andrew J. Senesi, and Chad A. Mirkin DNA-nanoparticle superlattices formed from anisotropic building blocks Nature Materials 2010, 9, 913-917 doi: 10.1038/nmat2870
  • See also summary of paper.
• Yager, K.G.; Zhang, Y.; Lu, F.; Gang, O. "Periodic lattices of arbitrary nano-objects: modeling and applications for self-assembled systems" Journal of Applied Crystallography 2014, 47, 118–129. doi: 10.1107/S160057671302832X
  • See also summary of paper.
• Wenyan Liu, Miho Tagawa, Huolin L. Xin, Tong Wang, Hamed Emamy, Huilin Li, Kevin G. Yager, Francis W. Starr, Alexei V. Tkachenko, Oleg Gang Diamond family of nanoparticle superlattices Science 2016, 351 (6273), 582–586. 10.1126/science.aad2080

GISAXS

• Andrew J. Senesi, Daniel J. Eichelsdoerfer, Robert J. Macfarlane, Matthew R. Jones, Evelyn Auyeung, Byeongdu Lee, and Chad A. Mirkin Stepwise Evolution of DNA-Programmable Nanoparticle Superlattices Angewandte Chemie International Edition 2013, 52 (26), 6624-6628. doi: 10.1002/anie.201301936
• Sunita Srivastava, Dmytro Nykypanchuk, Masafumi Fukuto, Jonathan D. Halverson, Alexei V. Tkachenko, Kevin G. Yager and Oleg Gang Two-Dimensional DNA-Programmable Assembly of Nanoparticles at Liquid Interfaces J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2014, 136 (23), 8323-8332. doi: 10.1021/ja501749b
• Mark C. Weidman, Detlef-M. Smilgies & William A. Tisdale Kinetics of the self-assembly of nanocrystal superlattices measured by real-time in situ X-ray scattering Nat. Mater. 2016 doi: 10.1038/nmat4600

DNA materials

• See also DNA-mediated nanoparticle superlattices.
• Wu P, Yu Y, McGhee CE, Tan LH, Lu Y. Applications of Synchrotron-Based Spectroscopic Techniques in Studying Nucleic Acids and Nucleic Acid-Functionalized Nanomaterials Adv. Mater. 2014, 26 (46), 7849. doi: 10.1002/adma.201304891

Gratings

• See also CD-SAXS.
• Jan Wernecke, Frank Scholze and Michael Krumrey Direct structural characterisation of line gratings with grazing incidence small-angle x-ray scattering Rev. Sci. Instrum. 2012, 83, 103906. doi: 10.1063/1.4758283
• Mika Pflüger, Victor Soltwisch, Jürgen Probst, Frank Scholze and Michael Krumrey Grazing-incidence small-angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS) on small periodic targets using large beams IUCrJ 2017 doi: 10.1107/S2052252517006297

Organic Photo-voltaics (OPV)

P3HT

• Christoph J. Schaffer, Claudia M. Palumbiny, Martin A. Niedermeier, Christian Jendrzejewski, Gonzalo Santoro, Stephan V. Roth and Peter Müller-Buschbaum A Direct Evidence of Morphological Degradation on a Nanometer Scale in Polymer Solar Cells Advanced Materials 2013, 25 (46), 6760-6764. doi: 10.1002/adma.201302854
• Peter Müller-Buschbaum The Active Layer Morphology of Organic Solar Cells Probed with Grazing Incidence Scattering Techniques Advanced Materials 2014, 26 (46), 7692-7709. doi: 10.1002/adma.201304187
• See also P3HT orientation analysis for results on P3HT nano-confinement.

Perovskite

• Kwan Wee Tan, David T. Moore, Michael Saliba, Hiroaki Sai, Lara A. Estroff, Tobias Hanrath, Henry J. Snaith, and Ulrich Wiesner Thermally Induced Structural Evolution and Performance of Mesoporous Block Copolymer-Directed Alumina Perovskite Solar Cells ACS Nano 2014, 8 (5), 4730-4739. doi: 10.1021/nn500526t

Other

• B. A. Collins, J. E. Cochran, H. Yan, E. Gann, C. Hub, R. Fink, C. Wang, T. Schuettfort, C. R. McNeill, M. L. Chabinyc & H. Ade Polarized X-ray scattering reveals non-crystalline orientational ordering in organic films Nature Materials 2012, 11, 536-543. doi: 10.1038/nmat3310
• Edward J. W. Crossland, Marleen Kamperman, Mihaela Nedelcu, Caterina Ducati, Ulrich Wiesner, Detlef -M. Smilgies, Gilman E. S. Toombes, Marc A. Hillmyer, Sabine Ludwigs, Ullrich Steiner and Henry J. Snaith A Bicontinuous Double Gyroid Hybrid Solar Cell Nano Letters 2009, 9 (8), 2807–2812 doi: 10.1021/nl803174p

Ionic Liquids

• Joshua A. Hammons, Jan Ilavsky, Fan Zhang Small-Angle X-Ray Scattering of Ionic Liquids Chapter 6 in Electrochemistry in Ionic Liquids, 169-213. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-13485-7_6

Batteries

Li-ion

• N. Paul, J. Brumbarov, A. Paul, Y. Chen, J.-F. Moulin, P. Müller-Buschbaum, J. Kunze-Liebhäuser and R. Gilles GISAXS and TOF-GISANS studies on surface and depth morphology of self-organized TiO2 nanotube arrays: model anode material in Li-ion batteries J. Appl. Cryst. 2015, 48. doi: 10.1107/S1600576715002204