Absorption length

The absorption length or attenuation length in x-ray scattering is the distance over which the x-ray beam is absorbed. By convention, the absorption length ϵ is defined as the distance into a material where the beam flux has dropped to 1/e of its incident flux.

Absorption

The absorption follows a simple Beer-Lambert law:

${\frac {I(x)}{I_{0}}}=e^{-x/\epsilon }$

The attenuation coefficient (or absorption coefficient) is simply the inverse of the absorption length; $\mu =1/\epsilon$

${\frac {I(x)}{I_{0}}}=e^{-\mu x}$

Calculating

The absorption length arises from the imaginary part of the atomic scattering factor, f₂. It is closely related to the absorption cross-section, and the mass absorption coefficient. Specifically, the atomic photoabsorption cross-section can be computed via:

$\sigma =2r_{e}\lambda f_{2}$

Where λ is the x-ray wavelength, and r_e is the classical electron radius. The attenuation coefficient is given by:

${\begin{alignedat}{2}\mu &={\frac {\rho N_{a}}{m_{a}}}\sigma \\&={\frac {\rho N_{a}}{m_{a}}}2r_{e}\lambda f_{2}\end{alignedat}}$

where ρ is density, N_a is the Avogadro constant, and m_a is the atomic molar mass. Note that the mass attenuation coefficient is simply $\mu /\rho$.

Elemental dependence

Energy dependence

Notice that the absorption undergoes sharp increases when passing through an absorption edge.

Examples

silicon

gold

Elemental/Energy dependence

Related forms

As can be seen, there are many related quantities which express the material's absorption:

• Absorption length $\epsilon$, the distance over which the intensity falls to 1/e.
• Attenuation coefficient $\mu$, the characteristic inverse-distance for attenuation.
• Mass attenuation coefficient $\mu /\rho$, the density-scaled attenuation.
• Absorptive atomic scattering factor $f_{2}$, the intrinsic dissipative interaction of the material.
• Atomic photoabsorption cross-section $\sigma$, the cross-section ('effective size') of the atom's x-ray absorption (capture) efficiency.
• Imaginary refractive index $\beta$, the resonant component of the refractive index.
• Imaginary Scattering Length Density $\mathrm {Im} (\mathrm {SLD} )$, the absorptive component of the scattering contrast.

$\epsilon$	$\epsilon ={\frac {1}{\mu }}$	$\epsilon ={\frac {\rho }{\mu /\rho }}$	$\epsilon ={\frac {M_{a}}{\rho N_{a}2r_{e}\lambda f_{2}}}$	$\epsilon ={\frac {M_{a}}{\rho N_{a}\sigma }}$	$\epsilon ={\frac {\lambda }{4\pi \beta }}$	$\epsilon ={\frac {1}{2\lambda \mathrm {Im} (\mathrm {SLD} )}}$
$\mu ={\frac {1}{\epsilon }}$	$\mu$	$\mu ={\frac {\mu /\rho }{\rho }}$	$\mu ={\frac {\rho N_{a}}{M_{a}}}2r_{e}\lambda f_{2}$	$\mu ={\frac {\rho N_{a}}{M_{a}}}\sigma$	$\mu ={\frac {4\pi }{\lambda }}\beta$	$\mu =2\lambda \mathrm {Im} (\mathrm {SLD} )$
${\frac {\mu }{\rho }}={\frac {1}{\rho \epsilon }}$	${\frac {\mu }{\rho }}=\mu /\rho$	${\frac {\mu }{\rho }}$	${\frac {\mu }{\rho }}={\frac {N_{a}}{M_{a}}}2r_{e}\lambda f_{2}$	${\frac {\mu }{\rho }}={\frac {N_{a}}{M_{a}}}\sigma$	${\frac {\mu }{\rho }}={\frac {4\pi }{\rho \lambda }}\beta$	${\frac {\mu }{\rho }}={\frac {2\lambda }{\rho }}\mathrm {Im} (\mathrm {SLD} )$
$f_{2}={\frac {M_{a}}{\rho N_{a}2r_{e}\lambda \epsilon }}$	$f_{2}={\frac {M_{a}}{\rho N_{a}2r_{e}\lambda }}\mu$	$f_{2}={\frac {M_{a}}{N_{a}2r_{e}\lambda }}{\frac {\mu }{\rho }}$	$f_{2}$	$f_{2}={\frac {\sigma }{2r_{e}\lambda }}$	$f_{2}={\frac {2\pi M_{a}}{\rho N_{a}r_{e}\lambda ^{2}}}\beta$	$f_{2}={\frac {M_{a}}{\rho N_{a}r_{e}}}\mathrm {Im} (\mathrm {SLD} )$
$\sigma ={\frac {M_{a}}{\rho N_{a}\epsilon }}$	$\sigma ={\frac {M_{a}}{\rho N_{a}}}\mu$	$\sigma ={\frac {M_{a}}{N_{a}}}{\frac {\mu }{\rho }}$	$\sigma =2r_{e}\lambda f_{2}$	$\sigma$	$\sigma ={\frac {4\pi M_{a}}{\rho N_{a}\lambda }}\beta$	$\sigma ={\frac {2\lambda M_{a}}{\rho N_{a}}}\mathrm {Im} (\mathrm {SLD} )$
$\beta ={\frac {\lambda }{4\pi \epsilon }}$	$\beta ={\frac {\lambda }{4\pi }}\mu$	$\beta ={\frac {\rho \lambda }{4\pi }}{\frac {\mu }{\rho }}$	$\beta ={\frac {\rho N_{a}r_{e}\lambda ^{2}}{2\pi M_{a}}}f_{2}$	$\beta ={\frac {\rho N_{a}\lambda }{4\pi M_{a}}}\sigma$	$\beta$	$\beta ={\frac {\lambda ^{2}}{2\pi }}\mathrm {Im} (\mathrm {SLD} )$
$\mathrm {Im} (\mathrm {SLD} )={\frac {1}{2\lambda \epsilon }}$	$\mathrm {Im} (\mathrm {SLD} )={\frac {\mu }{2\lambda }}$	$\mathrm {Im} (\mathrm {SLD} )={\frac {\rho }{2\lambda }}{\frac {\mu }{\rho }}$	$\mathrm {Im} (\mathrm {SLD} )={\frac {\rho N_{a}r_{e}}{M_{a}}}f_{2}$	$\mathrm {Im} (\mathrm {SLD} )={\frac {\rho N_{a}}{2\lambda M_{a}}}\sigma$	$\mathrm {Im} (\mathrm {SLD} )={\frac {2\pi }{\lambda ^{2}}}\beta$	$\mathrm {Im} (\mathrm {SLD} )$

See also scattering factors for a comparison of the quantities related to f₁.

See Also

• Resonant scattering
  • RSoXS
  • Resonant reflectivity
• LBL X-Ray Attenuation Length calculator
• APS absorption calculator
• CXRO transmission calculator
• Wikipedia: Mass attenuation coefficient
• Wikipedia: Absorption cross sectio
• NIST tables of x-ray mass attenuation coefficient